|
Italian refugees from Libya were the Italian colonists and their descendants forced to go away from Libya after WWII.〔(Article with photo of the 1970 Italian refugees (in Italian) )〕 Most of them took refuge in Italy, mainly after their 1970 expulsion ordered by dictator Qaddafi〔(1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya )〕 ==History== The era of international decolonization fostered an exodus of Italians from what used to be Italian Libya, especially after Libya became independent in the 1950s. Nearly half of the Italian colonists who arrived when governor Italo Balbo brought to Libya his "Ventimilli" in 1938-1939,〔(Video of the Ventimilli arrival in Italian Libya )〕 went away in the late 1940s:〔Prestipino, Giuseppe."Les origines du mouvement ouvrier en Libye". Introduction〕 this first wave of refugees moved to Italy and soon most of them emigrated in the early 1950s to the Americas (mainly to Canada, Venezuela, Argentina and the USA) and to western Europe (France, Benelux, etc..). After several years under British mandate, on December 24, 1951 Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya (a constitutional, hereditary monarchy under King Idris). In 1952 started the exodus of most of the remaining Italian settlers, mainly those in areas away from the main cities. Although in the late 1950s most of the 110000 Italians living in 1940 Italian Libya〔(Actual photos of former Italian colonists and descendants )〕 had already left the former colony, some thousands remained (primarily farmers and craftsmen) and someone even participated in the political life of the new Libya.〔(Italian political organizations in Tripolitania (in Italian) )〕 King Idris was a relatively tolerant monarch, and generally treated the Italian population well: in 1964 Libya there still were 27000 Italians, of which 24000 living in the metropolitan area of Tripoli. But after 1970 the Italian population almost disappeared when dictator Muammar Gaddafi ordered the expulsion of all Italians and Jews from Libya.〔(Libya's recent history: see years 1967-1970 )〕 Already in 1967, as a consequence of the Six-Day War, through an airlift and the aid of several ships, the Italian Navy helped evacuate more than 6,000 Libyan Jews to Rome in one month.〔Gruber, Ruth Ellen:"(Unknown immigration from Libya has swelled ranks of Italian Jewry )" in JTA October 11, 2004〕 These jewish evacuees were forced to leave their homes, their businesses and most of their possessions behind: of these 6,000, about 4,000 soon emigrated to Israel or the United States, while the ones who remained stayed in Rome (even because they all spoke Italian and were fully integrated with the Italian way of life since 1911). Out of the approximately 15,000 Roman Jews, actually 4,000 are of Libyan descent, and constitute an influential part of the community. Indeed in 1970, after the advent of the Libyan revolution, more than twenty thousand Italian residents in Libya were expelled suddenly from the country and suffered -like the Jews in 1967- the confiscation of all property. This was in violation of the treaty between Italy and Libya signed in 1956: this treaty was concluded on the basis of a UN Resolution of 1950, which linked the creation of the independent Libyan monarchy to the respect the rights and interests of the minorities living in the country. The value of the assets lost by the Italians expelled has been calculated in 1970 by the Italian government in 200 billion lire for the sole real estate property value. Including bank deposits and various entrepreneurial activities, this figure exceeds 400 billion lire that equals about 3 billion euro or dollars of 2006. The Confiscation of 1970 was justified by Qaddafi (then president-dictator of Libya) as partial relief for the damages resulting from colonization. Regarding "Visas" in Libya, after the initial enthusiasm following the visit of the then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi to Gaddafi in 2004, in which the problem seemed to be overcome, nearly nothing was done: up to 2011 Italian citizens repatriated in 1970 could not go back in the country until after the age of 65, through an organized trip and with the entry documents authorized both in Italian and Arabic. Even those born in Libya were denied access, as was the case of international actress Rossana Podestà who complained to have been denied the possibility of returning to her Tripoli birthplace after 1970. In 2014 the Italian embassy in Tripoli was one of the few Western embassies still active in Libya during the Post-civil war violence in Libya due to the fact that Italy was the most important trade partner for Libya and that there were 624 Italians workers 〔(Italians in Libya: AIRE statistics )〕(of Italian companies, mainly oil related) in the country〔http://m.thelocal.it//20140729/renzi-calls-for-ceasefire-as-italians-flee-libya〕 Actually there are no more Italians (descendants from the colonists) living in Libya; only a few old Libyans born mostly from Italian soldiers and Arab mothers. However the Italian refugees from Libya maintain their own organization called ''Associazione Italiani Rimpatriati dalla Libia'' (AIRL) 〔(Official website of AIRL )〕 with their own magazine.〔(Rivista Italiani d'Africa )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italian refugees from Libya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|